小型水工建筑物的组合式消能工在季节冻土区的应用     

王世荣  赵贵山 《冰川冻土》1990,12(1):83-86

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Prediction of the abiotic degradability of organic compounds in the troposphere     

Hans Güsten  Leo Klasinc  Dubravko Marić 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1984,2(1):83-93

A statistically relevant correlation between the reaction rate coefficient, k _OH, for the OH radical reaction with 161 organic compounds in the gas phase at 300 K, and the corresponding vertical ionisation energies E _i,v, reveals two classes of compounds: aromatics where –log(k _OH/cm³s^-1)3/2E _i,v(eV)–2 and aliphatics where –log(k _OH/cm³s^-1)4/5E _i,v(eV)+3. The prediction of the rate coefficient, k _OH, for the reaction of OH with organic molecules from the above equations has a probability of about 90%. Assuming a global diurnal mean of the OH radical concentration of 5×10⁵ cm³, the upper limit of the tropospheric half-life of organic compounds and their persistence can be estimated.  相似文献   

Seismic risk of circum-pacific earthquakes I. Strain energy release   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kostas C. Makropoulos  Paul W. Burton 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1983,121(2):247-267

Commonly used earthquake “whole process” frequency - magnitude and strain energy - magnitude laws are merged to obtain an analytic expression for an upper bound magnitude to regional earthquake occurrenceM ₃, which is expressed primarily in terms of the annual maximum magnitudeM ₁ and the magnitude equivalent of the annual average total strain energy releaseM ₂. Values ofM ₃ are also estimated graphically from cumulative strain energy release diagrams. Both methods are illustrated by application to the high seismicity of the circum-Pacific belt, using Duda’s (1965) data and regionalisation. Values ofM ₃ obtained analytically, with their uncertainties, are in agreement with those obtained graphically. Empirical relations are then obtained betweenM ₁,M ₂, andM ₃, which could be of general assistance in regional seismic risk considerations if they are found to be of a universal nature. For instance.M ₃ andM ₂ differ by one magnitude unit in subregions of the circum-Pacific.  相似文献   

准各向异性粘弹介质地震波的数字仿真   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

范祯祥  邓玉琼 《地球物理学报》1988,31(2):198-210

本文论述准各向异性粘弹波动方程有限元数值解地震波响应的原理与计算方法,并给出地震衰减因子与方程中粘滞系数的计算关系式。列出了所研制的地面记录地震剖面与井中记录垂直地震剖面,以及波场时间切片图、散度与旋度图、应变能与动能的时间切片图。本方法适于任意分层形态且层间物性参数为强间断的实际地震剖面的仿真,旨在研究正问题以实现反问题。  相似文献   

Estimating the crush zone size under a cutting tool in coal     

R. K. Zipf Jr.  Z. T. Bieniawski 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1988,6(4):279-295

Summary As part of an effort to understand the mechanics of fine fragment formation in coal, which is important in studies of respirable dust due to mining, fracture toughness measurements and the strain energy density (SED) theory were applied to calculate the crush zone size under a cutting tool in coal. This zone is the major source of fine fragments in the 1 to 10 µm size range. The model used in these calculations is a boundary element program containing a failure criterion based on the SED theory. The boundary element program calculates linear elastic stresses at numerous points in the coal material ahead of a cutting bit. These stresses are then input to a subroutine called critical flaw length and orientation (CFLO) which uses the SED theory to determine the CFLO for a small crack at the boundary element stress computation point. The extent of crushing is based on earlier postulates about the role of inherent flaws in a fragmentation process. To form 1 to 10 µm fragments requires firstly a local stress strong enough to activate flaws with a characteristic length less than 1 to 10 µm and secondly, a flaw density sufficient to provide an average spacing between flaws also on the order of 1 to 10 µm. The locus of active 10 µm flaws represents the maximum possible extent of fine fragmentation in the 10 µm or less size range assuming that a sufficient inherent flaw density exists. The approach offers a first order approximation to the extent of crushing under a tool tip. The size and shape of the crush zone volume is affected by the attack angle and geometry of the tool.  相似文献   

温冰川上的冰震——以奥地利Hohe Tauern地区Schlatenkees冰川为例     

Haraldv.derOsten-woldenburg  王伟利 《冰川冻土》1988,(4)

在奥地利Hohe Tauern的Schlatenkees冰川上布置了两组地震仪测量网,用电动力垂直地震仪记录到了约1200次冰震。找出了地震学参数彼此之间的几种关系。并根据优势频率,将冰震分成了4组。记录到的震动事件的震深为25—130m,震源半径为12—67m,地震矩为4.23×10~5—6.52×10~7Nm,地震能为9.1—1.34x10~5J,应力降为0.16—32.04hPa。  相似文献   

华东地区台风暴雨的诊断研究   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

胡坚 《大气科学》1991,15(3):111-117

本文利用一个空间滤波器将物理量分解为天气尺度和次天气尺度,以两个路径相似但环流形势不同的台风暴雨作为例子,对不同尺度的环流及其动能平衡进行诊断研究,结果表明:中、低纬环流系统能否进行相互作用是决定台风暴雨强度和范围的一个重要条件。在8209号台风过程中,这种相互作用是明显的,因而,8209号台风暴雨的强度和范围均显著大于8304号台风。同时,8209号台风暴雨的能量过程突出地反映在次天气尺度的动能场上,相反,在8304号台风过程中,以天气尺度的能量过程为主要的能量特征。本文还特别指出,不能简单地认为登陆台风是一个动能的“准封闭系统”,在8209号台风过程中,台风从中、低层向外输出的次天气尺度动能是造成台风环流之外暴雨的一个重要物理过程。  相似文献   

城市人口的遥感估算方法     

邹尚辉 《遥感学报》1991,(3)

常规人口估算方法耗时、费力、财物消耗大且周期长,况且,仅靠少数年份的人口统计资料也是难以准确揭示人口状况的。尽管应用遥感方法估算人口的历史并不长,精度也还不高,但已显示了其优越性。遥感估算人口的主要原理如下。 (1)美国国防卫星及NOAA卫星的热红外通道图像说明,人口分布及其数量与城市耗能量(人工热源)相关,而耗能量又与图像灰度相关;(2)城市人口的膨胀与城市面积的扩展相关;(3)像片上进行住宅计数,用人口普查资料或抽样调查方法确定每户平均人数则可进行人口估算;4)人口密度大小也反映在人工结构物及自然物体的波谱反射率差异上,据此可建立人口数量与反射率的回归方程。  相似文献   

地洼学说的理论结构和发展纲领     

陈国达 《地球科学进展》1991,6(5):16-24

地洼学说(活化区理论)自1956年诞生以来,经受过35年的实践检验,已发展成为包括五个组成部分和两个衍生学科的理论体系。它的理论结构是以第一个组成部分,即大陆地壳中发生于地台阶段之后,与地槽区不同特征的一种新型活动区—活化区即地洼区概念为内核,保护层为其余的组成部分和衍生学科,即地壳动定转化递进说、递进(地洼)成矿理论、壳体概念和地幔蠕动热能聚散交替假说,以及构造地球化学和成矿构造学。 地洼学说是属于作者建立的“历史—因果论大地构造学”范畴,它的发展纲领应是运用“历史—动力综合分析法”的研究方法,贯彻理论实践并重和切合生产需要的学术路线,采用充实和加固内核以及调整某些保护层的方式,按照自我完善与学百家之长相结合的原则,研究领域包括学说本身的进一步发展和运用它以解决实际问题。 内核的充实和加固包括两个方面;(1)理论方面的研究,例如地洼区的鉴别依据、类型划分、形成时代、分布地区、地壳运动等方面的问题。(2)实用方面的研究,例如运用区域地质、成矿规律及找矿预测、地热、水文地质、地貌、新构造等方面的问题。  相似文献   

Energy efficiency evaluation,technology gap ratio,and determinants of energy productivity change in developed and developing G20 economies: DEA super-SBM and MLI approaches     

《Gondwana Research》2024

This study employed Slack-based measure (SBM), Meta-frontier analysis, and Malmquist–Luenberger index (MLI) approaches to measure energy efficiency (EE), production technology heterogeneity, and energy productivity variation and its main determinants in developed and developing G20 countries for the period 1995–2020. The study's findings are: (i) Average EE for G20 countries is 0.8577, but still has an improvement potential of 14.23 percent. (ii) Developed countries have a higher average EE than developing (0.8927 > 0.8290). Results further revealed that energy efficiency scores in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, France, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, the US, the UK, and Korea are>1. (iii) Technology gap ratio (TGR) value in developed countries is higher than in developing (0.9869 > 0.6801), indicating that developed countries have advanced energy technologies superiority. The average MLI is less than one, showing a decline in energy productivity mainly due to a decline in technical efficiency, as EC < TC. (iv) Developed G20 countries get 0.64 percent aggregate growth in energy productivity as their MLI score is 1.0064, mainly due to technological growth (TC = 1.0161). Developing G20 countries, on the other hand, witnessed a decline in their energy productivity during 1995–2020, as MLI = 0.9925 > 1, designating that, on average, there is a 0.75 % decline in MLI.  相似文献